GLP-1 receptor agonists have gained significant attention for their role in managing type 2 diabetes and promoting weight loss. However, they are not without disadvantages. If you are considering using them, here is everything you should know beforehand.

How GLP-1 Drugs Work

GLP-1 is a hormone produced in the gut in response to food intake. It basically maintains glucose balance by enhancing insulin secretion from the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise. This hormone also suppresses the release of glucagon, a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, thereby preventing hyperglycemia. 

Additionally, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, which leads to a prolonged feeling of fullness and reduced appetite. However, the natural GLP-1 hormone is rapidly degraded in the body, limiting its therapeutic potential.

GLP-1 receptor agonists are synthetic compounds designed to mimic the effects of the natural GLP-1 hormone but with a longer duration of action. These medications bind to GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells and stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. 

This means they enhance insulin secretion only when blood glucose levels are elevated. Simultaneously, they inhibit glucagon secretion, decreasing hepatic glucose production. By slowing gastric emptying, these agonists promote satiety, which can lead to weight loss.

Known Long-Term Side Effects

As you consider GLP-1 receptor agonists for managing type 2 diabetes or weight loss, it's crucial to understand their potential long-term side effects. 

Gastrointestinal Issues

Many individuals experience gastrointestinal symptoms when starting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Commonly reported issues include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. 

Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risks

Concerns have been raised about the association between GLP-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis. Some studies have reported cases of acute pancreatitis in patients using these medications. 

A recent large-scale analysis published in Nature Medicine on January 20, 2025, involving over 200,000 patients, found that GLP-1 receptor agonists like Ozempic and Wegovy are associated with a 2.0 to 2.5 times increased risk of drug-induced pancreatitis. The same study also noted higher risks of kidney stones and arthritis. While these medications offer many positive effects, such findings raise concerns about their long-term use, particularly regarding the potential for chronic pancreatitis, which could make prolonged treatment less appealing.

Thyroid Cancer Concerns

Animal studies have indicated a potential risk of thyroid C-cell tumors with GLP-1 receptor agonists. In rodent models, these medications have been associated with an increased incidence of thyroid tumors. 

However, human studies have not established a clear causal relationship. The FDA has included a boxed warning about this potential risk, and these drugs are contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2. 

Kidney Function and Renal Implications

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with adverse effects on kidney function. Some patients have reported acute kidney injury, which may be exacerbated by dehydration resulting from gastrointestinal side effects like vomiting and diarrhea. 

Mental Health and Behavioral Changes

There have been reports of mood changes, including depression and increased risk of suicidal thoughts, in patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists. While a direct causal link has not been established, it's essential to monitor any changes in mood or behavior. If you experience such symptoms, contact your healthcare provider immediately. 

Muscle Mass Loss

Significant weight loss achieved through GLP-1 receptor agonists can sometimes lead to a reduction in muscle mass. This unintended loss of lean body mass may affect overall strength and metabolism.

In summary, while GLP-1 medications like Ozempic and Wegovy can help with weight loss, they aren’t the only solution, and they might not be the safest long-term option for everyone. 

At BASS Bariatric Center, we offer comprehensive weight loss solutions tailored to your individual needs, including surgical and non-surgical options that focus on lasting health improvements rather than temporary fixes. Our expert team provides the guidance and support you need to achieve sustainable weight loss without relying on medications that may carry long-term risks. If you’re looking for a safer, more permanent solution to weight loss, schedule a consultation with BASS Bariatric Center today. Your health deserves the best care possible.